Axial skeleton anatomy
The adult axial skeleton consists of 80 bones. It’s made up of the bones that form the vertical axis of the body, such as the bones of the head, neck, chest, and spine.
Skull bones
The adult skull comprises 22 bones. These bones can be further classified by location:
• Cranial bones: The eight cranial bones form the bulk of your skull. They help to protect your brain.
• Facial bones: There are 14 facial bones. They’re found on the front of the skull and make up the face.
Auditory ossicles
The auditory ossicles are six small bones found within the inner ear canal in the skull. There are three auditory ossicles on each side of the head, known as the:
• malleus (hammer)
• incus (anvil)
• stapes (stirrup)
They work together to transmit sound waves from the surrounding environment to the structures of the inner ear.
Hyoid
The hyoid is a U-shaped bone found at the base of the jaw. It serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments in the neck.
Vertebral column
The vertebral column is made up 26 bones. The first 24 are all vertebrae, followed by the sacrum and coccyx (tailbone).
The 24 vertebrae can be further divided into the:
• Cervical vertebrae: These seven bones are found in the head and neck.
• Thoracic vertebrae: These 12 bones are found in the upper back.
• Lumbar vertebrae: These five bones are found in the lower back.
The sacrum and coccyx are both made up of several fused vertebrae. They help support the weight of the body while sitting. They also serve as attachment points for various ligaments.
Thoracic cage
The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum (breastbone) and 12 pairs of ribs. These bones form a protective cage around the organs of the upper torso, including the heart and lungs.
Some of the ribs attach directly to the sternum, while others are linked to the sternum via cartilage. Some have no attachment point and are referred to as “floating ribs.”
Showing posts with label Anatomy and Physiology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Anatomy and Physiology. Show all posts
Tuesday, April 25, 2023
What is the skeletal system? Bone Types and it's Function.
What is the skeletal system?
Bones,cartilage, ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong flexible framework called skeletal system .
The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body. Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percentTrusted Source of a person’s body weight.
An adult’s skeleton contains 206 bones. Children’s skeletons actually contain more bones because some of them, including those of the skull, fuse together as they grow up.
There are also some differences in the male and female skeleton. The male skeleton is usually longer and has a high bone mass. The female skeleton, on the other hand, has a broader pelvis to accommodate for pregnancy and child birth.
Regardless of age or sex, the skeletal system can be broken down into two parts, known as the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Types of Bone
Long Bones
The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. The four principal types of bones are long, short, flat and irregular. Bones that are longer than they are wide are called long bones. They consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities. They are primarily compact bone but may have a large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities. Long bones include bones of the thigh, leg, arm, and forearm.
Short Bones
Short bones are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal. They consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone. Short bones include the bones of the wrist and ankle.
Flat Bones
Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved. Most of the bones of the cranium are flat bones.
Irregular Bones
Bones that are not in any of the above three categories are classified as irregular bones. They are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone. The vertebrae and some of the bones in the skull are irregular bones.
All bones have surface markings and characteristics that make a specific bone unique. There are holes, depressions, smooth facets, lines, projections and other markings. These usually represent passageways for vessels and nerves, points of articulation with other bones or points of attachment for tendons and ligaments.
Function of Bone
• Supporting your body and helping you move. Your bones literally hold up your body and keep it from collapsing to the ground. Your posture depends on your bones. You also need to be able to coordinate your bones and shift your weight around them in order to move.
• Protecting your internal organs. Your bones keep your organs safe from hard impacts, punctures, and other forms of injury. For example, your ribs protect your heart and lungs, and your skull protects your brain.
• Producing your blood cells. Certain types of bones make your platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. These cells are made inside of your bones. Platelets help your blood clot, red blood cells deliver oxygen to your organs, and white blood cells help fight off infections.
• Storing and releasing minerals. Bones can also store necessary minerals when their levels are too high in your blood. Then, your bones will release the minerals when your body needs them. Examples of these minerals include calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D.
Key points for function of bone
• Bones provide shape to the body.
• Bones act as a protection to internal organs like brain, heart, lungs etc..
• Provides support to the body and anchors muscles.
• Bones serve as storage space for minerals like calcium and phosphate
• Bones helps in facilitating body movements.
• Bones serve as the birthplace for red blood cells.
Bones,cartilage, ligaments are tightly joined to form a strong flexible framework called skeletal system .
The human skeletal system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body. Altogether, the skeleton makes up about 20 percentTrusted Source of a person’s body weight.
An adult’s skeleton contains 206 bones. Children’s skeletons actually contain more bones because some of them, including those of the skull, fuse together as they grow up.
There are also some differences in the male and female skeleton. The male skeleton is usually longer and has a high bone mass. The female skeleton, on the other hand, has a broader pelvis to accommodate for pregnancy and child birth.
Regardless of age or sex, the skeletal system can be broken down into two parts, known as the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
Types of Bone
Long Bones
The bones of the body come in a variety of sizes and shapes. The four principal types of bones are long, short, flat and irregular. Bones that are longer than they are wide are called long bones. They consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities. They are primarily compact bone but may have a large amount of spongy bone at the ends or extremities. Long bones include bones of the thigh, leg, arm, and forearm.
Short Bones
Short bones are roughly cube shaped with vertical and horizontal dimensions approximately equal. They consist primarily of spongy bone, which is covered by a thin layer of compact bone. Short bones include the bones of the wrist and ankle.
Flat Bones
Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved. Most of the bones of the cranium are flat bones.
Irregular Bones
Bones that are not in any of the above three categories are classified as irregular bones. They are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a thin layer of compact bone. The vertebrae and some of the bones in the skull are irregular bones.
All bones have surface markings and characteristics that make a specific bone unique. There are holes, depressions, smooth facets, lines, projections and other markings. These usually represent passageways for vessels and nerves, points of articulation with other bones or points of attachment for tendons and ligaments.
Function of Bone
• Supporting your body and helping you move. Your bones literally hold up your body and keep it from collapsing to the ground. Your posture depends on your bones. You also need to be able to coordinate your bones and shift your weight around them in order to move.
• Protecting your internal organs. Your bones keep your organs safe from hard impacts, punctures, and other forms of injury. For example, your ribs protect your heart and lungs, and your skull protects your brain.
• Producing your blood cells. Certain types of bones make your platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. These cells are made inside of your bones. Platelets help your blood clot, red blood cells deliver oxygen to your organs, and white blood cells help fight off infections.
• Storing and releasing minerals. Bones can also store necessary minerals when their levels are too high in your blood. Then, your bones will release the minerals when your body needs them. Examples of these minerals include calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D.
Key points for function of bone
• Bones provide shape to the body.
• Bones act as a protection to internal organs like brain, heart, lungs etc..
• Provides support to the body and anchors muscles.
• Bones serve as storage space for minerals like calcium and phosphate
• Bones helps in facilitating body movements.
• Bones serve as the birthplace for red blood cells.
Wednesday, April 19, 2023
Types of Immunity ,Adaptation, function of digestive system , parts of brain
Adaptation/Function of digestive system/parts of brain/Use of thyriod gland /type of immunity/Innate Immunity/Adaptive Immunity/passive Immunity/Artificial Immunity.
1.What is mean by Adaptation ?
Adaptation refers to the ability of an organism or system to adjust and thrive in changing environments. This process may involve physical, behavioral, or physiological changes, and can occur over the course of generations or within an individual's lifetime. Adaptation is a key component of evolution and survival.
2.What is the main function of digestive system?
The main function of the digestive system is to break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body and used for energy, growth, and repair. This process begins in the mouth with mechanical and chemical digestion and continues in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and waste is eliminated from the body.
3.Different parts of brain?
The brain is a complex organ composed of different parts that perform various functions. The cerebrum is responsible for consciousness, sensory perception, and voluntary movement. The cerebellum coordinates muscle movement and balance. The brainstem controls vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat. The limbic system is involved in emotions, memory, and motivation.
4.Use of thyriod gland ?
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck that produces hormones essential for regulating metabolism and growth throughout the body. These hormones help control the rate at which the body uses energy, regulates body temperature, and aids in the development and functioning of organs such as the brain, heart, and muscles.
Give one example for each type of immunity ?
• Innate Immunity - Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens. It is non-specific and provides a general defense against a wide range of pathogens. One example of innate immunity is the skin, which acts as a physical barrier preventing microorganisms from entering the body. Other examples of innate immunity include mucous membranes, stomach acid, and the inflammatory response.
• Adaptive Immunity - Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that develops after exposure to an antigen. This type of immunity is highly specific and involves the production of antibodies and specialized immune cells. An example of adaptive immunity is the production of antibodies in response to a vaccine. When a person is vaccinated, they are exposed to a weakened or dead form of the pathogen, which stimulates the production of antibodies specific to that pathogen. If the person is later exposed to the live pathogen, their immune system will be able to quickly produce the specific antibodies needed to fight off the infection.
• Passive Immunity - Passive immunity is the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another. This type of immunity provides immediate, but temporary protection against a specific pathogen. An example of passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus during pregnancy. These antibodies protect the newborn from certain infections until their own immune system is able to produce its own antibodies.
• Artificial Immunity - Artificial immunity is immunity that is acquired through medical intervention. This includes both active and passive immunity. An example of artificial immunity is , which provides active immunity by exposing the body to a weakened or dead form of the pathogen. Another example of artificial immunity is the use of immune globulin, which provides passive immunity by transferring pre-formed antibodies to an individual who has been exposed to a specific pathogen.
• Natural Immunity - Natural immunity is immunity that is acquired through natural exposure to a pathogen. This type of immunity is not acquired through medical intervention. An example of natural immunity is recovery from a viral infection such as the common cold. Once the body has been exposed to the virus and has developed an immune response, the person is typically immune to that particular strain of the virus.
• Innate Immunity - Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens. It is non-specific and provides a general defense against a wide range of pathogens. One example of innate immunity is the skin, which acts as a physical barrier preventing microorganisms from entering the body. Other examples of innate immunity include mucous membranes, stomach acid, and the inflammatory response.
• Adaptive Immunity - Adaptive immunity is a type of immunity that develops after exposure to an antigen. This type of immunity is highly specific and involves the production of antibodies and specialized immune cells. An example of adaptive immunity is the production of antibodies in response to a vaccine. When a person is vaccinated, they are exposed to a weakened or dead form of the pathogen, which stimulates the production of antibodies specific to that pathogen. If the person is later exposed to the live pathogen, their immune system will be able to quickly produce the specific antibodies needed to fight off the infection.
• Passive Immunity - Passive immunity is the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from one individual to another. This type of immunity provides immediate, but temporary protection against a specific pathogen. An example of passive immunity is the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus during pregnancy. These antibodies protect the newborn from certain infections until their own immune system is able to produce its own antibodies.
• Artificial Immunity - Artificial immunity is immunity that is acquired through medical intervention. This includes both active and passive immunity. An example of artificial immunity is , which provides active immunity by exposing the body to a weakened or dead form of the pathogen. Another example of artificial immunity is the use of immune globulin, which provides passive immunity by transferring pre-formed antibodies to an individual who has been exposed to a specific pathogen.
• Natural Immunity - Natural immunity is immunity that is acquired through natural exposure to a pathogen. This type of immunity is not acquired through medical intervention. An example of natural immunity is recovery from a viral infection such as the common cold. Once the body has been exposed to the virus and has developed an immune response, the person is typically immune to that particular strain of the virus.
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